OpenGL Programming Guide

Chapter 1Introduction to OpenGL

A Very Simple OpenGL Program

Because you can do so many things with the OpenGL graphics system, an OpenGL program can be complicated. However, the basic structure of a useful program can be simple: Its tasks are to initialize certain states that control how OpenGL renders and to specify objects to be rendered.

Before you look at an OpenGL program, let's go over a few terms. Rendering, which you've already seen used, is the process by which a computer creates images from models. These models, or objects, are constructed from geometric primitives - points, lines, and polygons - that are specified by their vertices.

The final rendered image consists of pixels drawn on the screen; a pixel - short for picture element - is the smallest visible element the display hardware can put on the screen. Information about the pixels (for instance, what color they're supposed to be) is organized in system memory into bitplanes. A bitplane is an area of memory that holds one bit of information for every pixel on the screen; the bit might indicate how red a particular pixel is supposed to be, for example. The bitplanes are themselves organized into a framebuffer, which holds all the information that the graphics display needs to control the intensity of all the pixels on the screen.

Now look at an OpenGL program. Example 1-1 renders a white rectangle on a black background, as shown in Figure 1-1 .

Figure 1-1 : A White Rectangle on a Black Background

Example 1-1 : A Simple OpenGL Program

#include <whateverYouNeed.h>

main() {

   OpenAWindowPlease();

   glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
   glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
   glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
   glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0); 
   glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
      glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5);
      glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5);
      glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
      glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);
   glEnd();
   glFlush();

   KeepTheWindowOnTheScreenForAWhile();
}

The first line of the main() routine opens a window on the screen: The OpenAWindowPlease() routine is meant as a placeholder for a window system-specific routine. The next two lines are OpenGL commands that clear the window to black: glClearColor() establishes what color the window will be cleared to, and glClear() actually clears the window. Once the color to clear to is set, the window is cleared to that color whenever glClear() is called. The clearing color can be changed with another call to glClearColor(). Similarly, the glColor3f() command establishes what color to use for drawing objects - in this case, the color is white. All objects drawn after this point use this color, until it's changed with another call to set the color.

The next OpenGL command used in the program, glOrtho(), specifies the coordinate system OpenGL assumes as it draws the final image and how the image gets mapped to the screen. The next calls, which are bracketed by glBegin() and glEnd(), define the object to be drawn - in this example, a polygon with four vertices. The polygon's "corners" are defined by the glVertex2f() commands. As you might be able to guess from the arguments, which are (x, y) coordinate pairs, the polygon is a rectangle.

Finally, glFlush() ensures that the drawing commands are actually executed, rather than stored in a buffer awaiting additional OpenGL commands. The KeepTheWindowOnTheScreenForAWhile() placeholder routine forces the picture to remain on the screen instead of immediately disappearing.

OpenGL Programming Guide