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OpenGL Programming Guide Chapter 10The Framebuffer The Accumulation BufferTo perform scene antialiasing, first clear the accumulation buffer and enable the front buffer for reading and writing. Then loop several times (say, n) through code that draws the image in a slightly different position, accumulating the data with
glAccum(GL_ACCUM, 1.0/n);
and finally calling
glAccum(GL_RETURN, 1.0);
Note that this method is a bit faster if, on the first pass through the loop, GL_LOAD is used and clearing the accumulation buffer is omitted. See the section on "Logical Operations" later in this chapter for possible jittering values. With this code, the image is drawn n times before the final image is drawn. If you want to avoid showing the user the intermediate images, draw into a color buffer that's not displayed, accumulate from that, and use the GL_RETURN call to draw into a displayed buffer (or into a back buffer that you subsequently swap to the front).
You could instead present a user interface that shows the viewed image improving as each additional piece is accumulated and that allows the user to halt the process when the image is good enough. To accomplish this, in the loop that draws successive images, call glAccum() with GL_RETURN after each accumulation, using 16.0/1.0, 16.0/2.0, 16.0/3.0, ... as the second argument. With this technique, after one pass, 1/16 of the final image is shown, after two passes, 2/16 is shown, and so on. After the GL_RETURN, the code should check to see if the user wants to interrupt the process. This interface is slightly slower, since the resultant image must be copied in after each pass.
To decide what n should be, you need to trade off speed (the more times you draw the scene, the longer it takes to obtain the final image) and quality (the more times you draw the scene, the smoother it gets, until you make maximum use of the accumulation buffer's resolution). Figure J-30 and Figure J-32 show improvements made using scene antialiasing.
Example 10-2 defines two routines for jittering that you might find useful: accPerspective() and accFrustum(). The routine accPerspective() is used in place of gluPerspective(), and the first four parameters of both routines are the same. To jitter the viewing frustum for scene antialiasing, pass the x and y jitter values (of less than one pixel) to the fifth and sixth parameters of accPerspective(). Also, pass 0.0 for the seventh and eighth parameters to accPerspective() and a nonzero value for the ninth parameter (to prevent division by zero inside accPerspective()). These last three parameters are used for depth-of-field effects, which are described later in this chapter.
Example 10-2 : Useful Routines for Jittering the Viewing Volume: accpersp.c
void accFrustum(GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom,
GLdouble top, GLdouble near, GLdouble far, GLdouble pixdx,
GLdouble pixdy, GLdouble eyedx, GLdouble eyedy,
GLdouble focus)
{
GLdouble xwsize, ywsize;
GLdouble dx, dy;
GLint viewport[4];
glGetIntegerv (GL_VIEWPORT, viewport);
xwsize = right - left;
ywsize = top - bottom;
dx = -(pixdx*xwsize/(GLdouble) viewport[2] +
eyedx*near/focus);
dy = -(pixdy*ywsize/(GLdouble) viewport[3] +
eyedy*near/focus);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glFrustum (left + dx, right + dx, bottom + dy, top + dy,
near, far);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef (-eyedx, -eyedy, 0.0);
}
void accPerspective(GLdouble fovy, GLdouble aspect,
GLdouble near, GLdouble far, GLdouble pixdx, GLdouble pixdy,
GLdouble eyedx, GLdouble eyedy, GLdouble focus)
{
GLdouble fov2,left,right,bottom,top;
fov2 = ((fovy*PI_) / 180.0) / 2.0;
top = near / (fcos(fov2) / fsin(fov2));
bottom = -top;
right = top * aspect;
left = -right;
accFrustum (left, right, bottom, top, near, far,
pixdx, pixdy, eyedx, eyedy, focus);
}
Example 10-3 uses these two routines to perform scene antialiasing.
Example 10-3 : Scene Antialiasing: accpersp.c
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "aux.h"
#include "jitter.h"
void myinit(void)
{
GLfloat mat_ambient[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_specular[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat light_position[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat lm_ambient[] = { 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0 };
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialf(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, 50.0);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position);
glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, lm_ambient);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glShadeModel (GL_FLAT);
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glClearAccum(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
}
void displayObjects(void)
{
GLfloat torus_diffuse[] = { 0.7, 0.7, 0.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat cube_diffuse[] = { 0.0, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0 };
GLfloat sphere_diffuse[] = { 0.7, 0.0, 0.7, 1.0 };
GLfloat octa_diffuse[] = { 0.7, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0 };
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (0.0, 0.0, -5.0);
glRotatef (30.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (-0.80, 0.35, 0.0);
glRotatef (100.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, torus_diffuse);
auxSolidTorus (0.275, 0.85);
glPopMatrix ();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (-0.75, -0.50, 0.0);
glRotatef (45.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glRotatef (45.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, cube_diffuse);
auxSolidCube (1.5);
glPopMatrix ();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (0.75, 0.60, 0.0);
glRotatef (30.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, sphere_diffuse);
auxSolidSphere (1.0);
glPopMatrix ();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (0.70, -0.90, 0.25);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, octa_diffuse);
auxSolidOctahedron (1.0);
glPopMatrix ();
glPopMatrix ();
}
#define ACSIZE 8
void display(void)
{
GLint viewport[4];
int jitter;
glGetIntegerv (GL_VIEWPORT, viewport);
glClear(GL_ACCUM_BUFFER_BIT);
for (jitter = 0; jitter < ACSIZE; jitter++) {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
accPerspective (50.0,
(GLdouble) viewport[2]/(GLdouble) viewport[3],
1.0, 15.0, j8[jitter].x, j8[jitter].y,
0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
displayObjects ();
glAccum(GL_ACCUM, 1.0/ACSIZE);
}
glAccum (GL_RETURN, 1.0);
glFlush();
}
void myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
auxInitDisplayMode (AUX_SINGLE | AUX_RGBA
| AUX_ACCUM | AUX_DEPTH);
auxInitPosition (0, 0, 250, 250);
auxInitWindow (argv[0]);
myinit();
auxReshapeFunc (myReshape);
auxMainLoop(display);
}
You don't have to use a perspective projection to perform scene antialiasing. You can antialias a scene with orthographic projection simply by using glTranslate*() to jitter the scene. Keep in mind that glTranslate*() operates in world coordinates, but you want the apparent motion of the scene to be less than one pixel, measured in screen coordinates. Thus, you must reverse the world-coordinate mapping by calculating the jittering translation values, using its width or height in world coordinates divided by its viewport size. Then, multiply that world-coordinate value by the amount of jitter to determine how much the scene should be moved in world coordinates to get a predictable jitter of less than one pixel. Example 10-4 shows how the display() and myReshape() routines might look with a world-coordinate width and height of 4.5.
Example 10-4 : Jittering with an Orthographic Projection: accanti.c
#define ACSIZE 8
void display(void)
{
GLint viewport[4];
int jitter;
glGetIntegerv (GL_VIEWPORT, viewport);
glClear(GL_ACCUM_BUFFER_BIT);
for (jitter = 0; jitter < ACSIZE; jitter++) {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
/* Note that 4.5 is the distance in world space between
* left and right and bottom and top. The following formula
* converts fractional pixel movement to world coordinates.
*/
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef (j8[jitter].x*4.5/viewport[2],
j8[jitter].y*4.5/viewport[3], 0.0);
displayObjects ();
glPopMatrix ();
glAccum(GL_ACCUM, 1.0/ACSIZE);
}
glAccum (GL_RETURN, 1.0);
glFlush();
}
void myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho (-2.25, 2.25, -2.25*h/w, 2.25*h/w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-2.25*w/h, 2.25*w/h, -2.25, 2.25, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}
OpenGL Programming Guide