OpenGL Programming Guide

Chapter 9Texture Mapping

An Overview and an Example

A Sample Program

One of the problems with showing sample programs to illustrate texture mapping is that interesting textures are large. Typically, textures are read from an image file, since specifying a texture programmatically could take hundreds of lines of code. In Example 9-1 , the texture - which consists of alternating white and black squares, like a checkerboard - is generated by the program. The program applies this texture to two squares, which are then rendered in perspective, one of them facing the viewer squarely and the other tilting back at 45 degrees, as shown in Figure 9-2 . In object coordinates, both squares are the same size.

Figure 9-2 : Texture-Mapped Squares

Example 9-1 : A Texture-Mappedfs Checkerboard: checker.c

#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include "aux.h"

#define    checkImageWidth 64
#define    checkImageHeight 64
GLubyte checkImage[checkImageWidth][checkImageHeight][3];

void makeCheckImage(void)
{
    int i, j, r, c;

       for (i = 0; i < checkImageWidth; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < checkImageHeight; j++) {
            c = ((((i&0x8)==0)^((j&0x8))==0))*255;
            checkImage[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) c;
            checkImage[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) c;
            checkImage[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) c;
        }
    }
}

void myinit(void)
{
    glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);

    makeCheckImage();
    glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 3, checkImageWidth, 
        checkImageHeight, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 
        &checkImage[0][0][0]);
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP);
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP);
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
        GL_NEAREST);
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, 
        GL_NEAREST);
    glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_DECAL);
    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    glShadeModel(GL_FLAT);
}

void display(void)
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glBegin(GL_QUADS);
    glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(-2.0, -1.0, 0.0);
    glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(-2.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(0.0, -1.0, 0.0);

    glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 0.0);
    glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(2.41421, 1.0, -1.41421);
    glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(2.41421, -1.0,-1.41421);
    glEnd();
    glFlush();
}

void myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    gluPerspective(60.0, 1.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, 1.0, 30.0);
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -3.6);
}


int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    auxInitDisplayMode (AUX_SINGLE | AUX_RGBA | AUX_DEPTH);
    auxInitPosition (0, 0, 500, 500);
    auxInitWindow (argv[0]);
    myinit();
    auxReshapeFunc (myReshape);
    auxMainLoop(display);
}

The checkerboard texture is generated in the routine makeCheckImage(), and all the texture-mapping initialization occurs in the routine myinit(). The single, full-resolution texture map is specified by glTexImage2D(), whose parameters indicate the size of the image, type of the image, location of the image, and other properties of it. See the next section for more information about this command.

The next four calls to glTexParameter*() specify how the texture is to be wrapped (see "Repeating and Clamping Textures" ) and how the colors are to be filtered if there isn't an exact match between pixels in the texture and pixels on the screen (see "Controlling Filtering" ). Next, glTexEnv*() sets the drawing mode to GL_DECAL so that the textured polygons are drawn using the colors from the texture map (rather than taking into account what color the polygons would have been drawn without the texture). Finally, glEnable() turns on texturing.

The routine display() draws the two polygons. Note that texture coordinates are specified along with vertex coordinates. The glTexCoord*() command behaves similarly to the glNormal() command: It sets the current texture coordinates; any subsequent vertex command has those texture coordinates associated with it until glTexCoord*() is called again.

The checkerboard image on the tilted polygon might look wrong when you compile and run it on your machine - for example, it might look like two triangles with different projections of the checkerboard image on them. If so, try setting the parameter GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT to GL_NICEST and running the example again. To do this, use glHint().

OpenGL Programming Guide